Tag Archives: deliver us from evil

Psalm 141 Keep My Words and My Heart from Evil

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Burning incense stick and its smoke by Atan0 shared under CC-SA 4.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Incense_stick.JPG#/media/File:Incense_stick.JPG

Psalm 141

A Psalm of David

1 I call upon you, O LORD come quickly to me;

  give ear to my voice when I call to you.

2 Let my prayer be counted as incense before you

  and the lifting up of my hands as an evening sacrifice.

3 Set a guard over my mouth, O LORD;

  keep watch over the door of my lips.

4 Do not turn my heart to any evil,

  to busy myself with wicked deeds

 in company with those who work iniquity;

  do not let me eat of their delicacies.

5 Let the righteous strike me;

  let the faithful correct me.

 Never let the oil of the wicked anoint my head,

  for my prayer is continually against their wicked deeds. 

6 When they are given over to those who shall condemn them,

  then they shall learn that my words were pleasant.

7 Like a rock that one breaks apart and shatters on the land,

  so shall their bones be strewn at the mouth of Sheol.

8 But my eyes are turned toward you, O GOD, my Lord;

  in you I seek refuge; do not leave me defenseless.

9 Keep me from the trap that they have laid for me

  and from the snares of evildoers.

10 Let the wicked fall into their own nets,

  while I alone escape.

The rich poetic imagery of the prayers of the worshipper ascending to God like the fragrant smoke of burning incense has always been a memorable aspect of this psalm. In my own practice this psalm is frequently used in evening prayer within the setting of Marty Haugen’s Holden Evening Prayer where verse two of the psalm becomes the refrain for the psalmody. Yet within the psalm there is a contrast between this slow imagery of prayers ascending like incense at the evening sacrifice and the urgent call of the psalmist for God to hear and come quickly. There are numerous verbal links with Psalm 140[1] but they are used to a different end. Psalm 140 cries out for God to deliver the psalmist from the poisonous words of violent men, but Psalm 141 calls on God to prevent the petitioner from their own heart and mouth being used for wickedness.

The psalm is linked poetically to the actions of worship: burning incense and offering a sacrifice. These words may originate during worship, or the author may view these words as a sacrifice and pleasant odor they can present before God. I appreciate the multisensory image which involves both scent and a visual image combined with the audible speaking of these words before God. If the prayer is offered at the evening sacrifice the petitioner may be hoping to partake in the holy portion of the evening sacrifice rather than the delicacies of those who work iniquity.

The psalmist called for God’s immediate action and that action is turned towards delivering them from the words and practices of the wicked. The language of the psalm is echoed in the warnings about appropriate companions scattered throughout Proverbs and many readers of this psalm believe the author has become associated with companions whose words and actions are evil. They ask God to guard their mouth and watch the door of their lips to prevent their tongue from becoming like the tongues sharp and snakes and lips with the venom of vipers in the previous psalm. Similarly, they ask God to keep their heart from evil and wicked deeds in the company of those who work iniquity. It is plausible that those the author speaks of are royalty and he may be echoing Proverbs 23:2, “Do not desire an official’s delicacies, for they are deceptive food.”

Any translation of verses five to seven of the psalm have had to smooth out the Hebrew text.[2] The NRSVue does a good job of creating a stanza that makes sense and I will follow their translation in continuing to discuss the psalm. The psalmist asks for the righteous to correct them, even striking them to discipline them. The language of anointing may indicate that the ones the psalmist speaks about are royalty and their anointing of the psalmist would be recognizing him as included in their group. Perhaps the psalmist is a prophet who has been speaking words that the princes and nobles did not want to hear, but they have attempted to entice him to join with them. Ultimately the psalmist agrees with the belief that God will not allow the wicked to prosper forever and eventually their bones will be scattered like a rock that shatters when it is cast against the ground.

They know that they are in danger of being ensnared by these wicked ones. Whether they have willingly been seduced into this position or these evil ones are attempting to trap them in words or actions, they understand that their deliverance will come from God. God can guard their mouth from words that can be used against them, turn their heart away from the acts which are contrary to God’s wisdom, or to be tempted by the delicacies that these workers of iniquity have set before them. Instead, the psalmist asks that these evil ones would fall into their own traps, ensnared in their own plots and actions. Just as Christians regularly pray “lead us not into temptation and deliver us from evil” this psalmist knows the dangers of the temptations and the lure of the evil snares set for them.

The appeal of the psalm for God to guard our lips, our hearts, and ultimately our actions in an environment of temptation is a prayer that resonates for followers of every time. Hundreds of billions of dollars are spent annually on advertising that asks us to taste the delicacies set before us. The digital world and the real world are full of traps to ensnare us in actions that we know are foolish but find enticing. The life of faith involves sending up prayers to God for words and actions that are faithful instead of wicked. We all need to be delivered from temptation. I certainly have had times where I needed divine help to restrain my tongue or to give me the strength to live according to my convictions. I have needed the correction of faithful brothers and sisters in the body of Christ. For me the psalm is a reminder that we rely on God and God’s people as we attempt to live a faithful life amid a world of temptations.

[1] Nancy deClaissé-Walford lists nine verbal connections: ““Wicked” (rasa) occurs in Pss. 140:8 and 141:4, 10; “righteousness” (sadiq) in 140:3 and 141:5; “guard, keep” (samar) in 140:4 and 141: 3, 9; “lip” (sapa) in 140:3,9 and 141:3; “malicious” (ra’) in 140: 1,2, 11 and 141:4; “LORD my Lord (YHWH’adonay) in 140:7 and 141:8; “trap” (pah) in 140:5 and 141:9; “snare” (moqes) in 140:5 and 141:9; and “lend an ear” (‘azan) in 140:6 and 141:1.” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 972)

[2] Nancy deClaissé-Walford attempts to give a closer translation to the Hebrew:

5 Let the righteous strike me with hesed and reprove me;

                let my head not refuse such oil

                Indeed continually my prayer is against their maliciousness.

6 Let their judges be hurled down into the hands of the rock,

                And then they will hear my sayings, for they are pleasant.

7 Like the furrowing and breaking up of the earth,

                our bones are scattered to the mouth of Sheol. (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 973)

Psalm 121 Vaya Con Dios

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View from Badwater Basin in Death Valley shared by photographersnature under CC 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley#/media/File:Badwater_Desolation.jpg

Psalm 121

 1 I lift up my eyes to the hills—
  from where will my help come?
 2 My help comes from the LORD,
  who made heaven and earth.

 3 He will not let your foot be moved;
  he who keeps you will not slumber.
 4 He who keeps Israel
  will neither slumber nor sleep.

 5 The LORD is your keeper;
  the LORD is your shade at your right hand.
 6 The sun shall not strike you by day
  nor the moon by night.

 7 The LORD will keep you from all evil;
  he will keep your life.
 8 The LORD will keep
  your going out and your coming in
  from this time on and forevermore.

Notes on the bolded words below.

One of my favorite farewells is the Spanish ‘vaya con dios’ which means ‘go with God.’ The English Godspeed is similar, which comes from the middle English ‘God spede you’ which means ‘may God prosper you.’ This short but well-loved psalm may have originated as a song for pilgrims making the journey to mount Zion to worship. The departing pilgrim receives a blessing from the one wishing God’s guarding presence upon the pilgrim. It may have originated as a ‘farewell liturgy’ as James Limburg identified this psalm, (NIB IV: 1180) but for many faithful people this has become a psalm of trust which encompasses the entire life of the faithful one guarded by the God who is both personally available and cosmically powerful.

The first two verses of the psalm are spoken by the pilgrim and is spoken in first person. The individual looks to the surrounding landscape to the hills, and likely to the destination of Zion, but their help for through the dangers of the coming journey do not come from the hills but from the LORD. The LORD is both ‘my help,’ one who is personally concerned for the fate of this pilgrim departing on the journey but also ‘the LORD who made heaven and earth.’ In a common duality seen in scripture God is both powerful and attentive, over all things and concerned about the life of the faithful one who places their life in God’s hand.

In verse three the voice now shifts to the one remaining behind as the pronouns are now second person. Within the final eight verses the word rendered ‘keep’ or ‘keeper’ in the NRSVue is the Hebrew samar. The Hebrew samar is a more active concept than ‘keep’ and has the active sense of guarding and watching over. (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, pp. 895-897) Within the movement of the psalm the God who guards will not slumber during his time of protecting and watching over the pilgrim. The LORD guards Israel and the LORD will guard the faithful one. The language continues and intensifies as the LORD guards and provides a shade (Hebrew sel) for the pilgrim. The word for shade (sel) is often used in the psalter in the phrase ‘the shelter (sel) of you wings’ and may reference the image of God extending God’s wing or cloak in protection and shelter in the journey through the wilderness. The sun and moon have sometimes been thought of mythologically as forces which oppose the pilgrim’s journey but this is not necessary for the psalm for a journey through desert on the journey to Jerusalem (or any other destination).

In the Lord’s prayer the petition ‘and deliver us from evil (or the evil one)’ taps into a consistent theme with the LORD guarding the pilgrim from evil and guarding their life. In a common Hebrew merism[1] the LORD watches over the totality of the pilgrim’s journey, their departures and their returning home for this journey and their entire life.

Psalm 121 has a rich use in the worship life of the church, and it is frequently used with both baptismal liturgies and funeral services. The psalm’s use in these two moments that form the bookends of the Christian life nicely encompass the belief that God guards the person of faith throughout the totality of their life. Martin Luther would have parents teach their children to “fear, love, and trust God above all things.” This psalm echoes the trustworthiness of the God who guards the life of the faithful one. It is a blessing for the entirety of the journeys of life as people of faith go with God. Our entire life is guarded and sheltered by the God who is both personally available and cosmically powerful.

[1] A merism is a literary device which denote the totality or completeness of something.