Tag Archives: worship

Psalm 136 The Unending Hesed of God

The Hebrew Word hesed.
The Hebrew Word hesed.

Psalm 136

1O give thanks to the Lord, for he is good,
  for his steadfast love endures forever.
2
O give thanks to the God of gods,
  for his steadfast love endures forever.
3
O give thanks to the Lord of lords,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;

4
who alone does great wonders,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
5
who by understanding made the heavens,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
6
who spread out the earth on the waters,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
7
who made the great lights,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
8
the sun to rule over the day,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
9
the moon and stars to rule over the night,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;

10
who struck Egypt through their firstborn,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
11
and brought Israel out from among them,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
12
with a strong hand and an outstretched arm,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
13
who divided the Red Sea in two,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
14
and made Israel pass through the midst of it,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
15
but overthrew Pharaoh and his army in the Red Sea,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
16
who led his people through the wilderness,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
who made water flow from the rock,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
17
who struck down great kings,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
18
and killed famous kings,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
19
Sihon, king of the Amorites,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
20
and Og, king of Bashan,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
21
and gave their land as a heritage,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
22
a heritage to his servant Israel,
  for his steadfast love endures forever.

23
It is he who remembered us in our low estate,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
24
and rescued us from our foes,
  for his steadfast love endures forever;
25
who gives food to all flesh,
  for his steadfast love endures forever.

26
O give thanks to the God of heaven,
  for his steadfast love endures forever.

There are words that we utilize all the time that are sometimes the hardest to define. The Hebrew word hesed (NRSVue “steadfast love”) is used 245 times in the Hebrew scriptures and 127 times in the Book of Psalms. (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 948) But if you ask people who study the Old Testament/Hebrew Scriptures to define this word you will get a variety of ideas: steadfast love, covenant faithfulness, enduring commitment, or lovingkindness. What no one disagrees with is that hesed is a defining characteristic of God’s relationship with God’s people. It appears twice in Exodus 34: 1-10 when God declares who God will be in what is known as the thirteen attributes of God (frequently repeated or alluded to throughout the scriptures):

The Lord descended in the cloud and stood with him there and proclaimed the name, “The LORD.” The Lord passed before him and proclaimed, “The LORD, the LORD, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness,keeping steadfast love for the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, yet by no means clearing the guilty, but visiting the iniquity of the parents upon the children and the children’s children to the third and the fourth generation.” Exodus 34:5-8.

But like love, this term is difficult to put limits and boundaries on. Arthur Green, a Jewish scholar defines hesed as “a free-flowing love that knows no bounds.” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 948) So perhaps trying to put limits and boundaries around the meaning of hesed is like trying to catch the wind, but it is constantly seen in action throughout the scriptures and particularly the psalms. In this psalm where refrain continually reminds us that “for his steadfast love endures forever” or as Nancy deClaissé-Walford renders the phrase, “because for all time is the LORD’s hesed.” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 950) I am a believer that love is as much a verb as it is a noun, and the pattern of this psalm which matches the story of God’s actions with the enduring quality of God’s hesed “makes it clear that hesed is action; the wonders are a performance of hesed.” (Mays, 1994, p. 420)

The structure of Psalm 136 lends itself to being utilized in liturgical use where the leader most likely spoke the first half while the worshippers responded with the repetitive second half of each verse as a refrain. As Nancy deClaissé-Walford notes:

The same refrain occurs in a number of liturgical passages in the Hebrew Bible (1 Chr. 16:34; 2 Chr. 5:13; 7:3; 20:21; Ezra 3:11) and in other psalms (106:1; 107:1; 118: 1-4; 100:5). (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 948)

Most modern readers gloss over the refrain after the initial verses, but as Leslie C. Allen reminds us that this repetition in the congregation becomes, “the regular heartbeat of the congregational refrain.” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 951) Creation, exodus, the promised land, the provision of daily bread are all a part of the enduring hesed of the LORD the God of Israel.

Psalm 135 and 136 share common themes and language in expressing the praiseworthiness of the LORD. Psalm 136 only mentions the name of God in verse one, and throughout the rest of the psalm is referred to by titles (God of gods, Lord of lords) or by action. As in the previous psalm, creation and the exodus narrative are linked together. This linkage brings together Israel’s unique origin story where God chooses them with God’s purpose for the entirety of creation. As J. Clinton McCann, Jr. states it,

In other words, the story of Israel’s deliverance from Egypt (that is, from death) and entry into the land (that is life) is still the story of the fulfillment of God’s creational purposes. (NIB IV:1224-1225)

Israel was, through their covenantal faithfulness, to embody a way of living in harmony with God’s will for the world. The ways of Egypt and other kingdoms and empires throughout history that opposed God’s will would find out that this love of God is not sentimental but will resist the powers that work against the enduring hesed of God for the world and God’s people.

The psalm ends with God remembering the people in their low estate, rescuing them from their foes, and giving food to all flesh. That God’s provision of ‘daily bread’ is now linked to God’s incredible acts of hesed in the creation of the cosmos, the rescue from Egypt, and the overcoming of the barriers to reaching the promised land. Yet, the ending of this psalm and the content of Psalm 137 invites us to ponder the people of Israel at their lowest point: the beginning of the Babylonian exile. Even in this godforsaken moment the hesed of God is unending. In their low estate they are still remembered, God can and will rescue them from their foes and provide for them and all creation because the hesed of God endures forever. For that unending hesed they can give thanks to the God of heaven.

Psalm 135 The Living God of Creation and the Exodus Contrasted with Lifeless Idols

The Temple by Radojavor@deviantart.com

Psalm 135

1Praise the LORD!
  Praise the name of the LORD;
  give praise, O servants of the LORD,
2
you who stand in the house of the LORD,
  in the courts of the house of our God.
3
Praise the LORD, for the LORD is good;
  sing to his name, for he is gracious.
4
For the LORD has chosen Jacob for himself,
  Israel as his own possession.

5
For I know that the LORD is great;
  our Lord is above all gods.
6
Whatever the LORD pleases he does,
  in heaven and on earth,
  in the seas and all deeps.
7
He it is who makes the clouds rise at the end of the earth;
  he makes lightnings for the rain
  and brings out the wind from his storehouses.

8
He it was who struck down the firstborn of Egypt,
  both humans and animals;
9
he sent signs and wonders
  into your midst, O Egypt,
  against Pharaoh and all his servants.
10
He struck down many nations
  and killed mighty kings—
11
Sihon, king of the Amorites,
  and Og, king of Bashan,
  and all the kingdoms of Canaan—
12
and gave their land as a heritage,
  a heritage to his people Israel.

13
Your name, O LORD, endures forever,
  your renown, O LORD, throughout all ages.
14
For the LORD will vindicate his people
  and have compassion on his servants.

15
The idols of the nations are silver and gold,
  the work of human hands.
16
They have mouths, but they do not speak;
  they have eyes, but they do not see;
17
they have ears, but they do not hear,
  a nose, but there is no breath in their mouths.
18
Those who make them
  and all who trust them
  shall become like them.

19
O house of Israel, bless the LORD!
  O house of Aaron, bless the LORD!
20
O house of Levi, bless the LORD!
  You who fear the Lord, bless the LORD!
21
Blessed be the LORD from Zion,
  he who resides in Jerusalem.
 Praise the LORD
!

This song of praise contrasts the LORD the God of Israel who is over the heavens, the earth, and the seas, who humiliated Egypt and brought the people through the wilderness and into the promised land with the ineffectual idols worshipped by their neighbors. The imageless God of Israel who crafted creation is contrasted with these lifeless images which are the products of human hands. This song calling the people to praise echoes much of the themes and language of Psalm 115 and it may have built upon that psalm, but it plays on two central themes which permeate the psalms words about God: creation and the exodus.

Although Psalm 135 does not have the call and response structure of Psalm 136, its structure is designed for gathered worship assembly. The opening four verses and the final three verses have the priests and people declaring their allegiance to the LORD and against the idols of the nations while the center of the psalm acts like a recitation or sermon passing on central knowledge to the people about the LORD that they worship. Those gathered from Israel are called to praise the LORD who is good and has chosen this people as his possession from among the nations.

The LORD is good, but the LORD is also great. The God of Israel is the God of the heavens, the earth but also the sea with its depths. This is the God who answers to no one and who is capable of doing whatever God desires. The chaotic sea and the storms of the heavens are all within this God’s hands and all other gods are subordinate to the God of Israel. Israel does not live in a monotheistic world but a pluralistic one, but the great LORD of Israel who creates the heavens and the earth, the seas and the storms is subordinate to no other gods and certainly not to the idols of the nations. One of the primary Canaanite gods that the Israelites encountered was Baal, a storm god who tamed the chaotic seas, but now this psalm usurps the characteristics attributed by their neighbors to Baal for the LORD the God of Israel who makes clouds rise and makes the lightning and brings out the winds.[1]

There is for Israel the general knowledge of their God as the creator, but there is also the specific knowledge of the God who took them out of Egypt and led them to their place in the promised land. The LORD brought the signs and wonders against Pharoah and Egypt which culminated in the death of the firstborns (Exodus 7-12). This God journeyed with them through the wilderness and then when kings like King Sihon of the Amorites and King Og of Bashan marched out to resist them God fought for Israel (Numbers 21: 21-35) as well as driving out the people of Canaan (Joshua). Israel’s position within their land is a gift from their God. The God who can do whatever God pleases throughout creation chose to take the people from their slavery in Egypt into their heritage within the land of Israel.

As mentioned above, Israel lived in a polytheistic world not a monotheistic one. Israel was always tempted by the gods of the nations around them, and the retelling of Israel’s history is full of times where the idols of the nations were worshipped alongside of or instead of the God of Israel. The faithful continued to resist and deride the pointless worship of idols, and here these gods shaped by human hands with silver are gold may have a face, but there is no breath (ruach) within them. These images formed by people created in the image of God lack the animating force of life that only the LORD can give. Those whose hands and devotions turn away to these lifeless images of silver and gold become futile like them.

Like the pilgrims of the songs of ascent (Psalms 120-134) the people have gathered together to praise and bless the LORD. The house of Israel, the descendants of Aaron who serve as priests, the Levites who work in the house of the LORD, and all those who fear the LORD are called to bless the LORD. Zion is the place where the people gather to send up their blessings and praise because the LORD has chosen to dwell among them in the city of Jerusalem. They gather together to praise the living God unlike the inanimate idols of the nations. They send up blessings to the God who presides over creation and who brought God’s chosen people out of Egypt and to the promised land with mighty acts. They join with their brothers and sisters in the act of praising the LORD.


[1] Psalm 29 also recasts the language of the worship of a storm god to worship the LORD the God of Israel.

Psalm 134 Arriving in Zion to Bless and be Blessed

Pilgrim Steps Leading to the Double Gate (Southern Steps of the Temple Mount, Jerusalem) picture from 2009 by Wilson44691 – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6899573

Psalm 134

A Song of Ascents.

1Come, bless the LORD, all you servants of the LORD,
  who stand by night in the house of the LORD!
2
Lift up your hands to the holy place,
  and bless the LORD.
3
May the LORD, maker of heaven and earth,
  bless you from Zion.

Psalm 134 is the final song of ascent where the pilgrims have arrived at their destination, and they are invited to do what they came to Zion to do: praise the LORD. This short psalm is only twenty-four words in Hebrew, but five of those words are the name of God: YHWH (LORD)[1], another three are a title for God (maker of heaven and earth), and three more are the Hebrew verb barak (bless). In the first two verses God is the focus of the actions of praise and blessing as the pilgrims enter into the space of worship. In the final verse the direction is reversed as the pilgrims are sent forth with a blessing, presumably spoken by a priestly figure, as they leave Zion and return to their homes.

In the previous psalm, the unity of the people was celebrated as they came to their destination and now all the gathered ones are called to participate in the actions of blessing the LORD the God of Israel. The actions of the worship are kinetic involving the lifting up of their hands within the holy space, but barak originally meant “to kneel” and that may also be a posture of worship expected within the movement of the psalm. (NIB IV: 1217) The people have made the effort to journey to the house of the LORD, a holy place where God’s presence dwells, and now their actions are now a part of their offering of obedience, homage, and trust to their God.

Within the flow of worship there is a time to be gathered and a time to be sent. One of the actions of sending is a benediction, a final blessing. Within my congregation I typically utilize either a trinitarian benediction or the Aaronic benediction from Numbers 6: 22-26. The brief benediction, which ends Psalm 134, and by extension the songs of ascent, is designed for the pilgrims who have come to Zion but now must return to their own towns or nations. The benediction seeks the blessing of the LORD upon those pilgrims, and wherever they go they are in the dominion of the maker of heaven and earth, yet the blessing emanates from this holy space in Zion where God’s presence rests. They came to this place to offer their blessing and worship to their God, and they are sent back into the world bearing God’s blessing upon them.


[1] The divine name is formed by four Hebrew letters transliterated as YHWH, often pronounce Yahweh, but is spoken as Adonai (Lord) when read by a cantor in the space of worship. This is due to the commandment about not taking the name of the Lord your God in vain. That is why most English translations will translate these four letters as LORD in all capital letters to indicate the name of God is behind the translation.

A Small Light in Winter- A Christmas Story

Frozen lake Baikal near Olkhon Island, Photo by Sergey Pesterev, Shared under CC 4.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal#/media/File:Lake_Baikal_in_winter.jpg

It had been a difficult several years for Father Petrov. They had laid several of the men of his congregation to rest as casualties of the War to End All Wars between 1914 and 1917. Then came the unrest which led to the October revolution where the Bolsheviks gained control and a pall of fear was cast over the community as the official position of the new government considered the Russian Orthodox Church as a symbol of the old allegiances to the Czar. Yet even last Christmas he had celebrated in a beautiful church in Moscow with an ornate iconostasis of golden painted saints and angels as incense hung in the air and the congregation sang the chants into the night to mark the night of the Savior’s birth. But as 1918 unfolded the new government began to make its mark on Moscow. Food was in short supply and so the leaders began to point to those who had formerly been nobles, the educated, and then to the ornate and beautifully domed structures of the Orthodox churches of the city. It had been a dreary October day when worship was interrupted by uniformed men who came in arresting Father Petrov and all who had dared to assemble on that day, torching the church and sending Father Petrov and his flock on the Trans-Siberian Railway to Irkutsk where they were marched along the shore of Lake Baikal to a bleak camp where they were officially to be reeducated, but it quickly became clear that ultimately they were moved to this land to be forgotten, to pass away in the Siberian winter.

Yet, despite the cold nights and inadequate shelter, Christmas arrived in 1918. There were no songbooks, no incense, no wall of icons or brightly painted walls of a church. Olga, one of his faithful members, had managed to grab seven candles and set them up in the large shed where the tools that were used for coal mining were stored. Father Petrov had a bible and as he carried his lamp to the shed where those who would celebrate this bitterly cold Christmas were gathered, he wondered what he would do without the rituals and relics of the church that had formed him for a style of worship that had endured for centuries. As he approached the shed, he looked to the lantern in his hand and thought of Jesus’ words about a lamp needing to be placed on a lampstand and not being hidden under a bushel basket, and so he found a small table and placed his lamp on it. More people than he had expected had gathered, others in the work camp seeking a small light in winter, a taste of hope in the hopelessness, a reminder of a different world, and perhaps they looked to each other in this land of the forgotten for another soul to see them and remind them that they mattered.

Father Petrov breathed in the cold air and began with the words from John’s gospel, “The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it.” Then he lit the first candle and said, “and we are witnesses to that light.” Little Anya, who had seen far more than any young child should see in the last months, echoed Father Petrov’s words, “we are witnesses to that light.” And slowly at first and then in rapidly increasing numbers the remainder of the gathered congregation echoed, “and we are witnesses to that light.” Then Olga, Anya’s mother, read from the prophet Isaiah how, “The people who lived in darkness have seen a great light; those who lived in a land of deep darkness, on them light has shined.” Then Olga lit the second candle and said, “and we are witnesses to that light.” This time the community responded immediately and with more force, “and we are witnesses to that light.”

Anya now stepped up beside her mother and said the words she had been practicing for this night, how the prophet Isaiah continued saying, “Unto us a child has been born, unto us a son is given, and the government will be upon his shoulders, and he will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace. Great will be his kingdom, and there will be endless peace.” Then Anya lit the third candle and with the boldness of a child proclaimed, “and we are children of God’s son.” The congregation with a little bit of joy at seeing the faith of a child echoed, “and we are children of God’s son.”

Russian Orthodox Icon of the Archangel Gabriel

Then Rita came forward to tell of how the angel Gabriel came to Mary one fateful night and told Mary, “Do not be afraid.” How often God’s messengers came to God’s people in scary times and told them not to be afraid but before she continued on she brought out from her coat an icon of the angel Gabriel that she had saved from the church before it had been destroyed, and she told of the angel’s message of the virgin Mary and Mary’s words in response, “Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word.” Then Rita lit the fourth candle and said, “And we are servants of the Lord.” The community echoed, “And we are servants of the Lord.” Then Rita’s husband Jusef came and told of Joseph, the father of Jesus, who was a righteous man trying to find a way between what God expected of him in the law and mercy for his betrothed Mary who was found to be with child, and how the angel of the Lord came to him in a dream and spoke again the words, “Do not be afraid.” And then explained to Joseph that the child to be born was from God and was the fulfillment of prophecy. “Look, the virgin shall become pregnant and give birth to a son, and they shall name him Emmanuel,” which means, “God is with us.” Perhaps we too need to hear in this godforsaken place that God has not forsaken us, indeed God is with us. And then lighting the fifth candle Jusef declared, “And we serve the God who is with us.” And the community echoed, “And we serve the God who is with us.”

Russian Orthodox Icon of the Nativity

Then Victor came forward and he also took from his coat an icon that had been one from his home, an icon of the Christmas scene, and he told the story from the gospel of Luke of Joseph and Mary coming to Bethlehem and finding no place other than a shed, perhaps not unlike the shed they gathered in that night, and the child was born to them, unseen by relatives or most of the world. But how in the night the angel of the Lord came to shepherds and again told them, “Do not be afraid.” And the angel told the good news of great joy for all the people he had been entrusted with and told these shepherds how to find the child and its parents. How the heavenly host broke into song and the shepherds in their amazement went to find Mary and Joseph and the child promised to them, and described their amazement to anyone who heard, and how Mary treasured these things in her heart. Then Victor said, “And we too treasure these things in our heart.” He lit the sixth candle as the congregation echoed, “And we too treasure these things in our heart.”

Finally, Sophia, the oldest living member of the community at seventy-five years old, came to the front and turned to the gospel of John. She said in a clear voice, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.  He was in the beginning with God.  All things came into being through him, and without him not one thing came into being. What has come into being in him was life, and the life was the light of all people.  The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overtake it.” She lit the final candle and said, “And we are servants of that light.” To which the congregation responded, “And we are servants of that light.” Father Petrov gave a final blessing in the cold winter night and summarized how we were indeed servants of the light who brings light to people living in darkness, who promises us a child who will lead us into a time of peace, who tells his servants not to be afraid, how even in godforsaken places how our God is with us, how we too can treasure these things in our hearts, for the one who was with God in the beginning at creation is here among us bringing light and life into our darkness. He uttered a final blessing for this flock gathered in the shed and then they made their way back to their barracks where they would attempt to shelter from the piercing wind blowing over the lake. But as the left they carried with them a little hope in what before had seemed hopeless, and a small light in the winter.

This story has historical elements, but it is a fictional story. The place and time are real, but the specifics of the situation and the characters only existed in my imagination prior to this night. May this Christmas story from a cold and dark world bring a little light into your season.

Psalm 100 Know the LORD is God and We are God’s

James Tissot, Solomon Decicates the Temple (1896-1902)

Psalm 100

<A Psalm of thanksgiving.>
1 Make a joyful noise to the LORD, all the earth.
2 Worship the LORD with gladness; come into his presence with singing.
3 Know that the LORD is God. It is he that made us, and we are his; we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture.
4 Enter his gates with thanksgiving, and his courts with praise. Give thanks to him, bless his name.
5 For the LORD is good; his steadfast love endures forever, and his faithfulness to all generations.

This short psalm of thanksgiving centers the actions of praise around the knowledge that the LORD is God and the peoples’ relation to their creator and shepherd. It echoes the concern of the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5) and the first commandment (Exodus 20: 2-3, Deuteronomy 5: 6-7) that the people of Israel would know that the LORD is God alone and their role is to know, serve and belong to their God. The movement of the psalm is centered around seven imperatives: shout (NRSV make a joyful noise), serve (NRSV worship), come, know, come (NRSV enter), testify (NRSV give thanks), and bless. Poetically the repetition of come (obscured in the NRSV translation) focuses the hearer on what is bracketed in between: the command to know that the LORD is God and that the hearers are a part of his people. (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 736) In response to the knowing the people are enabled to enter into the presence of God’s courts to bring praise and blessing.

Knowing is not just about knowledge of the LORD’s identity in Hebrew thought, it also involves acknowledgment that the community belongs to God and depends upon God. To be autonomous (one’s own law) in a Hebrew way of thinking is to be wicked. The statement that they are the LORD’s people and the sheep of his pasture focus the hearers on their God’s personal responsibility in overseeing the people of Israel. [1]  Although at times there may be an earthly king who rules on behalf of the LORD, when those kings prove to be unfaithful shepherds the LORD removes those shepherds and becomes their shepherd who guides, protects, and keeps them. Their maker and protector is good (echoing the language of creation in Genesis) and provides steadfast love (hesed) and faithfulness (emuna) two of the characteristics of God’s self-revelation to Moses.[2]

The life of praise is a life of service to the LORD. A person who comes to the courts of God is also expected to know that the LORD is their God, their creator and protector. The response to that knowledge is doxology (giving thanks). It is a life that acknowledges one’s dependance upon the LORD. Psalm 100 makes a bold claim for a life of praise, service, and thanksgiving to God in a world that seems to serve many gods. The psalmist points to a life centered on the knowledge of God and praise filled obedience to God’s ways.

[1] See for example Psalm 74:1, 79:13, 95:7, Jeremiah 23:1-4, Ezekiel 34:11-22

[2] Exodus 34: 6-7

Psalm 95 Lifting Up Voices and Listening in Silence

Pieter de Grebber, Moses Striking the Rock (1630)

Psalm 95

1 O come, let us sing to the LORD; let us make a joyful noise to the rock of our salvation!
2 Let us come into his presence with thanksgiving; let us make a joyful noise to him with songs of praise!
3 For the LORD is a great God, and a great King above all gods.
4 In his hand are the depths of the earth; the heights of the mountains are his also.
5 The sea is his, for he made it, and the dry land, which his hands have formed.
6 O come, let us worship and bow down, let us kneel before the LORD, our Maker!
7 For he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand. O that today you would listen to his voice!
8 Do not harden your hearts, as at Meribah, as on the day at Massah in the wilderness,
9 when your ancestors tested me, and put me to the proof, though they had seen my work.
10 For forty years I loathed that generation and said, “They are a people whose hearts go astray, and they do not regard my ways.”
11 Therefore in my anger I swore, “They shall not enter my rest.”

Psalm 95 is a psalm which invites the hearer to move with the faithful into a noisy and jubilant time of worship which then is silenced so that God (or a prophet or priest speaking for God) can instruct the people in obedience. The life of worship and a life of obedience are linked here as it is frequently in the psalms and prophets. God in this psalm is the great God who reigns over all gods, is the master and creator of the earth and sea, and the one to whom the faithful owe their obedience. History and the memory of the disobedience of their ancestors becomes the invitation for the current generation to respond with obedience.

The first word of this psalm is the imperative form of the Hebrew halak[1] (to walk) and it impels the people to get moving to meet God in celebration and worship. Yet, within the command to move is also an allusion to a way of walking that is in accordance with God’s commandments and within the movement of the psalm is both the uplifted voices of the worshipping faithful but also the lives of obedience which listen to the voice of God. The invitation to ‘sing’ and ‘make a joyful noise’ while familiar in English are not as strong as the Hebrew verbs which they translate.[2] This is not a timid action of worship but instead is a community in full voice shouting and singing to their God and King. The praise of God echoes the sentiment of Psalm 24, where the earth is the LORD’s and all that is in it. The worldview of the psalms assumes the pluralistic world where the surrounding nations worship other gods, but the LORD is the sovereign over both the gods of the nations and the earth itself. The faithful come in jubilant acclamation to worship, bow down, and kneel before the God who is their maker, their king, and their shepherd who provides shelter and pasture for them. The movement and the noise climax in this acclamation and prepares the people for the time of silence that they may hear the words from their God (or God’s messenger).

The second movement of the psalm begins in the second half of verse seven with the command to listen. The congregation is to move from full voice to silence and from motion to stillness. The command to listen is the Hebrew shema which is the critical verb at key points in the declaration of the law:

Now therefore, if you obey (shema) my voice and keep my covenant, you shall be my treasured possession our of all the peoples. Indeed the whole earth is mine, but you shall be for me a priestly kingdom and a holy nation. These are the words that you shall speak to the Israelites.”  Exodus 19:5-6 (immediately before consecrating the people and receiving the commandments)

Hear (shema) O Israel: The LORD is our God , the LORD alone. You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might. Deuteronomy 6: 4-5[3]

Hearing or listening in Hebrew is not merely listening to the words but also involves living in response to the words. Lifting up praise to God in full voice without hearing and obeying God’s commands is often condemned in the psalms and prophets[4] and here the actions of the people of Israel at Meribah and Massah (Exodus 17: 1-7; Numbers 20: 1-13) are used as an example of the high cost of disobedience. The inability of their ancestors to listen is remembered as the reason for the long journey in the wilderness and the inability of the first generation that left Egypt to enter their rest in the promised land. The relationship between God and the people of Israel is a covenantal relationship which requires obedience. If the people will listen and obey then God will provide for them in the land, but if they do not hear and obey then they may end up without God’s guidance and blessing.

The two parts of the psalm, the movement and raucous noise and the obedient silence and reverential hearing, belong together. The faithful should move to the place where they can praise God in full voice in a jubilant and joyful way, but we must also remember that God desires our obedience. As Beth Tanner can state truthfully, “In worship today, God can be seen as too friendly, too nice, and too forgiving. We can easily forget the great power of the King God.” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 718) The previous psalm reminded us, “Happy are those whom you discipline, O LORD, and whom you teach out of your law,” (Psalm 94: 12). Now Psalm 95 uses the story of the people of Israel as an illustration of the dangers when the people refuse to follow God’s way of walking. The life of the faithful is one of coming (walking, halak), hearing (shema), and living in obedience to the ways of God in both jubilant worship, silent listening, and faithful living.

[1] Halak is an important word in Hebrew. Halakha which derives from halak is the collective body of the Hebrew laws (both oral and written) and it means ‘the way of walking.’ This movement at the beginning of the psalm is both the physical motion to the place of worship and the way of walking in accordance with God’s will.

[2] Ranan and rua in the intensified piel form mean to “call loudly” and “lift up a war-cry or cry of alarm.” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 716)

[3] Deuteronomy 6: 4-5 has a central place in the practice of the Jewish people and this entire command is often called the shema because of the command to ‘hear.’

[4] See for example Psalm 50, 81, Isaiah 1, and Amos 5: 21-24

Greenhouse for Faith

The Greenhouse for Faith emerged out of a desire to capture what I would want a person in my community to know about the faith we are a part of. As a person formed by the Lutheran tradition of Christianity I have found it a beautiful, but often misunderstood approach of God. The initial courses in the Greenhouse for Faith begin with the Foundations course which talks about the central ideas of a Lutheran way of approaching faith. Then I will be adding a series of courses called Catechesis which reflects an ancient pattern of faith formation centered on the Ten Commandments, the Creeds of the church, The Lord’s Prayer, what our worship communicates, and a brief introduction to reading scripture.

Foundations Course (Click link for each video discussion)

Catechesis Part I: The Ten Commandments

Catechesis Part II: The Creed

Catechesis Part 3: The Lord’s Prayer

Catechesis Part 4: Introduction to Worship

Catechesis Part 5: Introduction to Scripture

Foundations Course Session 3 Word Alone

The Greenhouse for Faith: What We Grow Here is Meant to be Planted in the World

There are four pillars that will be used in this greenhouse: Christ, Word, Faith, and Grace that help us understand the God who is our foundation. We talked in the previous session about how we come to know about God in Christ.

The second pillar is the Word. When we talk about the Word we are primarily talking about three things: the Word of God as Christ, the Word of God as the proclamation of scripture and preaching in the church, and the Word of God as scripture.

  • The Word always goes back to Christ. When we talk about the Word of God we are first and foremost talking about the Word of God as John’s gospel relates it:
    • In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. John 1:1
    • The Word who was with God, who was in the beginning and who was God is Christ. Christ is active in creation, throughout the life, death and resurrection of Jesus and continues to be active throughout our world.
  • The Word also goes back to scripture and proclamation. The Christ we talk about will also reflect the Christ we come to know through scripture and the preaching of the church.
    • Proclamation: We believe that God is active in the world and in the church, and particularly we believe that when a person from the community or the pastor both read and proclaim about scripture that God is active in that space. It is not that the pastor has the perfect words to say or that they are infallible, instead it is a trust and expectation that God and God’s Spirit are active in that time.
    • Scripture: Luther’s image of scripture being the manger where the Christ child is laid. Scripture is the source of where we come to know about God. We don’t believe that all scripture is equally valued, but instead it is that which presents Christ is the center of scripture. Christ is the key that unlocks everything else.

Reading scripture can be challenging. One of the challenges is the way we often approach scripture: We often go to scripture seeking answers, but scripture wants to give us wisdom. Scripture invites us to learn a way of life, a way of encountering the world, and an invitation to follow the God who we come to know in Christ.

A tool for reading scripture: Law and Gospel. This is one tool in the toolbox of how we approach scripture, but it is a good way to start. Scripture encounters us as Law: that which condemns us, shows us where we have fallen short and need God’s grace and ultimately should drive us back to God and help us reorient our lives on God. Scripture also encounters us as Gospel: that which sets us free, forgives us, renews us, and tells us about what God has done for us.

Questions for reflection:

  • Think of one of the passages from scripture you are familiar with. Identify both the Law and Gospel in that passage and share your thoughts.
  • Think of scripture that is problematic or hard to interpret. How does looking at this scripture through Jesus’s teachings change your interpretation?

Psalm 84 Better is One Day in the House of God

A Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) feeding on the ground. Photo taken with a Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ50 in Caldwell County, North Carolina, USA. Photo by Ken Thomas, March 3, 2008. Image released by creator to public domain.

Psalm 84

To the leader: according to The Gittith. Of the Korahites. A Psalm.
1 How lovely is your dwelling place, O LORD of hosts!
2 My soul longs, indeed it faints for the courts of the LORD; my heart and my flesh sing for joy to the living God.
3 Even the sparrow finds a home, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her young, at your altars, O LORD of hosts, my King and my God.
4 Happy are those who live in your house, ever singing your praise. Selah
5 Happy are those whose strength is in you, in whose heart are the highways to Zion.
6 As they go through the valley of Baca they make it a place of springs; the early rain also covers it with pools.
7 They go from strength to strength; the God of gods will be seen in Zion.
8 O LORD God of hosts, hear my prayer; give ear, O God of Jacob! Selah
9 Behold our shield, O God; look on the face of your anointed.
10 For a day in your courts is better than a thousand elsewhere. I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God than live in the tents of wickedness.
11 For the LORD God is a sun and shield; he bestows favor and honor. No good thing does the LORD withhold from those who walk uprightly.
12 O LORD of hosts, happy is everyone who trusts in you.

The journey to the temple is made in expectation of encountering God within the space. The temple, the dwelling place of the LORD of hosts, may indeed be beautiful but the expectation of encountering the divine presence in the experience of worship is what the pilgrim longs for. The temple in Zion is the sacred destination at the end of the pilgrim’s journey and they desire nothing more than to dwell in the house of the LORD forever. This beloved[1] space occupies a special place in the heart and desires of the faithful one who journeys from their daily home to the place where their soul[2] finds its dwelling place. This meaningful space where the divine can encounter the faithful one is where life finds its joyous culmination.

In the pilgrim imagines what life would be like if the extraordinary moment of approaching the temple became the everyday experience of dwelling in the temple. The sparrow and swallow who make their nest within the building have found their home. The priests who work in the temple are ‘happy’[3]in the psalmist’s vision because the dwell in proximity to God. Yet, the psalmist also finds ‘happiness’ in their own trust in God and the pull of their heart back to God’s dwelling place in Zion. The psalmist’s joyous song of their impending homecoming to their spiritual home and expectant encounter with the LORD of hosts.

Throughout this psalm the LORD the God of Israel is referred to as the LORD of hosts, or the LORD of armies.[4] This militaristic imagery is now paired with the imagery of the military might of God’s anointed king when the psalmist declares “Behold our shield, O God; look on the face of your anointed.” God has provided protection for this pilgrim. Perhaps this scene is a military homecoming from conflict to rejoice at the temple of God. Yet, for Israel their military might is always contingent upon the divine protection of their God and the psalmist continues to appeal to God to see these meager forces of the king of Israel and to protect both God’s temple and God’s people.

One day in the presence of God is worth a thousand elsewhere and this expected time of worship where God is encountered gives meaning to every other time. Being a ‘doorkeeper’ would probably be a position of honor among the Korahites and while the exact meaning of the Hebrew here is uncertain, I find the suggestion of ‘standing on the threshold’ (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 652) poetically opposite to ‘dwelling in the tents’ of the wicked ones. The pilgrim would rather have the experience of not being fully allowed inside the house of God rather than the full inclusion in the tents of wickedness. The pilgrim psalmist is attempting to walk the path of wisdom that leads to the ‘happiness’ found in trusting in the LORD of hosts and encountering God in God’s house.

Psalm 84 refers to a sacramental understanding of reality in the temple of the LORD. It is a place where God promises to be present among the people. In the world of the psalmist the journey to the temple involves a pilgrimage that may only be made once annually, and so for this pilgrim they approach Jerusalem in joyous expectation. Many contemporary Christians whose churches believe in a sacramental reality where God approaches the gathered community in worship would occupy an incredibly privileged space to the psalmist, like the sparrow and swallows who dwell in the temple and the priests who minister there. Yet, I wonder if the relative ease of the journey to the threshold of the congregation has diminished the hopeful expectation of the faithful to encounter God’s presence within the space of worship. The ability to regularly worship may have dulled our joy at spending a day in this place that the psalmist claims is better than a thousand elsewhere.

[1] Hebrew yedidot translated by the NRSV as ‘lovely’ involves more than visual admiration. As J. Clinton McCann Jr. indicates: “the experience creates a bond between person and place that might be better expressed with the word “beloved.”” (NIB IV: 1013)

[2] Reminder that the Hebrew nephesh translated soul here is not the Greek conception of the ‘eternal soul’ differentiated from the physical body. The Hebrew idea of nephesh is better understood as the essence of life.

[3] Hebrew asre, an important word in wisdom literature. Can be translated ‘blessed’ or ‘happy.’

[4] Referring to God as the LORD of hosts is literally: ““YHWH of armies,” with the armies or hosts referring to angelic heavenly host, the heavenly hosts of sun, moon, and stars, or the hosts of Israel’s armies. The title suggests the great God of military might and victory, who is powerfully present in Zion.” (Brueggemann, 2014, p. 365)

Psalm 81 Hear! O People

The Temple by Radojavor@deviantart.com

Psalm 81

<To the leader: according to The Gittith. Of Asaph.>
1 Sing aloud to God our strength; shout for joy to the God of Jacob.
2 Raise a song, sound the tambourine, the sweet lyre with the harp.
3 Blow the trumpet at the new moon, at the full moon, on our festal day.
4 For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob.
5 He made it a decree in Joseph, when he went out over the land of Egypt. I hear a voice I had not known:
6 “I relieved your shoulder of the burden; your hands were freed from the basket.
 7 In distress you called, and I rescued you; I answered you in the secret place of thunder; I tested you at the waters of Meribah. Selah
 8 Hear, O my people, while I admonish you; O Israel, if you would but listen to me!
 9 There shall be no strange god among you; you shall not bow down to a foreign god.
 10 I am the LORD your God, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt. Open your mouth wide and I will fill it.
 11 “But my people did not listen to my voice; Israel would not submit to me.
 12 So I gave them over to their stubborn hearts, to follow their own counsels.
 13 O that my people would listen to me, that Israel would walk in my ways!
 14 Then I would quickly subdue their enemies, and turn my hand against their foes.
 15 Those who hate the LORD would cringe before him, and their doom would last forever.
16 I would feed you with the finest of the wheat, and with honey from the rock I would satisfy you.”

The central commandment for Israel is for the people to hear:

Hear, O Israel: The LORD is our God, the LORD alone. (Deuteronomy 6:4)

Now within the event of a festal gathering and worship of the LORD the voice of God comes to the assembly asking them to hear the LORD’s appeal to them and to turn away from the foreign gods they have allowed to influence their life. The God who delivered their ancestors from Egypt is again ready to quickly subdue their enemies if they will listen and return faithfully to their God. This brief bit of poetry opens a window into the pained cry of a God whose people have chosen other gods or tried to combine the way of the LORD with the ways of other peoples and nations.

Psalm 80 implored the God of hosts to restore Israel in the midst of their trouble. Israel’s hope depended on God’s hearing the cry of the people and turning God’s face towards them. Now in Psalm 81 the gathered people are told to hear and turn their face once again toward God, and when they hear and listen and walk in the ways of God their enemies will be subdued and the storehouses of God’s abundant provisions will be opened. Israel’s future depends on God’s grace, but their God also desires their faithfulness. Grace and obedience are not mutually exclusive. Israel remains God’s people, yet God will not shield them as their stubborn hearts choose paths which lead away from the LORD.

This psalm begins within the context of a festival. It could be any of the major festivals in the year and scholars have argued for the Day of Atonement, Passover, Tabernacles, or the New Year. Regardless of the festival that the psalm occurs within it is a time of worship and song, a time where the people have gathered together to praise and probably sacrifice to the LORD. In this time of turning towards their God, God responds. Within the context of worship, perhaps through a priest or worship leader, God’s appeal to the people is heard and God’s broken heart is revealed.

The divine voice narrates that long-ago God heard the voice of the people in Egypt and how God responded by removing the burden from their shoulders. In liberating the people from slavery and leading them into the wilderness they were created as a new people. Instead of the people testing God at Meribah, the psalm indicates this as a time where God tested the people. Yet, the divine voice recalls the central memory of the people: the memory of God saving them from Egypt and providing for them in the wilderness in their sojourn to the promised land. In the context of this festival worship, they are called again to hear from the God who delivered them from Egypt, spoke to them at Sinai, and tested them at Meribah.

Israel is again called to hear! The shema[1] (Deuteronomy 6:4 referenced above) and the first commandment (Exodus 20:2, Deuteronomy 5: 6-7) form the background of this divine appeal. The people of God are not to worship the LORD alongside other gods, nor are they to give their allegiance to these foreign gods or their ways. The LORD has provided for their needs in the path and will continue to provide in the present if they will hear and remain faithful. The LORD’s plea comes because the people have not listened, nor have they remained faithful. The language of verse eleven is not merely that Israel did not submit to God, but they did not want[2] the LORD. The LORD speaks out of the pain of the rejection by Israel as they either wandered between the LORD and other gods or abandoned their God completely. God has cared passionately for the people and even after their rejection God still desires for the return of God’s people. Within this space of worship there is a divine invitation for those people to hear and return.

If the people hear and walk in the LORD’s ways then their God is waiting to subdue their enemies and provide the nourishment they need. Their wandering has consequences. God has passively allowed their stubborn hearts to lead them into their current crisis, but God is actively waiting and hoping for the return of the people of God. Those hating the LORD would realize their mistakes too late as the LORD becomes both the fearsome protector of Israel as well as the generous host providing the finest wheat and honey. God’s cry goes out to the people and their LORD desires for them to hear and return to the way of their God.

Eighteen years ago, the professor of preaching Richard Lischer stated:

The average American is subjected to approximately six thousand messages per day. Why should one of them called “gospel” stand out? What is one little message among so many? (Lischer, 2005, p. 13)

The number of messages that a contemporary person hears only seems to increase and the challenge of people hearing God’s message of grace and hope was not unique to the people of Israel. Yet in the sea of words and images that most people continue to be deluged by, the faithful are called to hear and attend to the divine words which call God’s people to return generation after generation. It is a call which sharply contradicts the consumeristic calls to create our own happiness and salvation. It opposes the radical independence that rests in our stubborn hearts and the numerous things that continually call for our allegiance and trust. Yet within the space of worship the people of God strain to hear the voice of God speak to them in the midst of the prayers and songs. Perhaps this time where the community of the faithful gathers is the last remaining space where the cacophony of the numerous other competing claims is silenced so that the God, so often rejected, may be heard by God’s people and their lives may be reoriented. Those with ears to hear will understand that God is both fearsome protector and generous host providing a world that is both safe and abundant and that the other forces which promise protection and prosperity are merely the idols we have created.

 

[1] Shema is the Hebrew word for “Hear” or “Listen” which begins Deuteronomy 6:4 (hence the passage is commonly known as the shema) and is behind the frequent occurrences of “hear” and ‘listen” throughout Psalm 81.

[2] The Hebrew verb ‘bh “has more of a meaning of “be willing to” or “want to” (Nancy deClaisse-Walford, 2014, p. 637)